Description:
The application is vulnerable to an open redirect due to improper validation of the Referer header. An attacker can inject a malicious URL (https://eil.com) into the Referer header, causing the application to redirect users to an external, attacker-controlled domain. This vulnerability can be exploited to conduct phishing attacks, session hijacking, or malware distribution by redirecting victims to malicious websites.
Practice Verified Codes and Commands:
1. Testing for Open Redirect Vulnerability:
curl -I -H "Referer: https://evil.com" http://vulnerable-site.com
This command sends a request with a malicious Referer header to check if the site is vulnerable.
2. Exploiting SSRF via Referer Header:
curl -I -H "Referer: http://127.0.0.1:80" http://vulnerable-site.com
This command tests for potential SSRF by injecting a loopback IP address.
3. Fuzzing for Open Ports:
ffuf -w /path/to/wordlist.txt -u http://vulnerable-site.com -H "Referer: http://127.0.0.1:FUZZ"
This command fuzzes for open ports on the loopback interface.
4. Using Collaborator Payloads:
curl -I -H "Referer: http://<collaborator-payload>" http://vulnerable-site.com
Replace `
5. Checking for 200/300 Responses:
curl -I -H "Referer: http://127.0.0.1:80" http://vulnerable-site.com | grep "HTTP/1.1 200"
This command checks if the application responds with a 200 status code, indicating potential vulnerability.
What Undercode Say:
Open redirect vulnerabilities, such as the one described, are a critical security concern as they can be leveraged to conduct phishing attacks, session hijacking, and malware distribution. Proper validation of the Referer header is essential to mitigate such risks. In addition to the commands provided, consider using tools like Burp Suite, Nmap, and Wireshark for comprehensive testing. Always ensure that your applications validate and sanitize all input headers to prevent such vulnerabilities. For further reading on securing web applications, refer to the OWASP Top 10 vulnerabilities guide and the Burp Suite documentation. Additionally, consider exploring advanced penetration testing techniques and tools to enhance your security posture. Remember, continuous learning and practice are key to mastering cybersecurity. Stay updated with the latest security trends and vulnerabilities to protect your systems effectively.
References:
Hackers Feeds, Undercode AI
