Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) In A Nutshell

💡 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses “objects” to design applications and computer programs. It focuses on using real-world concepts to simplify software development and enhance code reusability and maintainability.

🔎 Key Concepts of OOP

🔦 Pillars of OOP:

The four foundational concepts of OOP are:

✅ Encapsulation: Bundling data (attributes) and methods (functions) into a single unit (object) to restrict direct access and prevent misuse.
✅ Abstraction: Hiding complex details while exposing only necessary parts, allowing focus on functionality rather than implementation.
✅ Inheritance: Enables a new class (subclass) to inherit methods and properties from an existing class (superclass), promoting code reuse.
✅ Polymorphism: Allows methods to behave differently based on the object they act upon, enabling one interface for multiple data types.

🔎 Related Concepts:

📌 Data Hiding: Part of encapsulation, protecting object integrity by restricting access.
📌 Overloading: Multiple methods with the same name but different parameters (compile-time polymorphism).
📌 Overriding: Subclass provides a specific implementation of a method already defined in its superclass (runtime polymorphism).

🔦 Inheritance Types:

🕯️ Single Inheritance: Subclass inherits from one superclass.

🕯️ Multiple Inheritance: Subclass inherits from multiple superclasses (not supported in all languages).
🕯️ Multilevel Inheritance: Subclass is derived from another subclass.
🕯️ Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple subclasses inherit from a single superclass.
🕯️ Hybrid Inheritance: Combination of two or more inheritance types.

🔦 Interfaces and Abstract Classes:

✏️ Interfaces: Contracts defining methods without implementation, allowing varied class implementations.
✏️ Abstract Classes: Contain both implemented and abstract (unimplemented) methods, serving as a base for subclasses.

You Should Know:

Practical OOP Implementation in Python


<h1>Encapsulation Example</h1>

class BankAccount: 
def <strong>init</strong>(self, balance): 
self.__balance = balance # Private attribute

def deposit(self, amount): 
self.__balance += amount

def get_balance(self): 
return self.__balance

<h1>Inheritance Example</h1>

class Animal: 
def speak(self): 
pass

class Dog(Animal): 
def speak(self): 
return "Woof!"

<h1>Polymorphism Example</h1>

def animal_sound(animal): 
print(animal.speak())

dog = Dog() 
animal_sound(dog) # Output: Woof!

OOP in Java

// Abstraction Example 
abstract class Shape { 
abstract void draw(); 
}

class Circle extends Shape { 
void draw() { 
System.out.println("Drawing Circle"); 
} 
}

// Polymorphism Example 
Shape myShape = new Circle(); 
myShape.draw(); // Output: Drawing Circle

Linux Commands for OOP Developers

Compile Java code:
```
javac MyClass.java 
```
Run Java program:
```
java MyClass 
```
Check Python version (for OOP scripting):
```
python3 --version 
```

Windows Commands for Debugging OOP Apps

List running processes (useful for debugging):
[cmd]
tasklist
[/cmd]
Kill a process:
[cmd]
taskkill /PID /F
[/cmd]

What Undercode Say:

OOP is the backbone of modern software development, enabling scalable and maintainable systems. Mastering encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction is crucial for building robust applications. Use Linux/Windows commands to streamline development and debugging.

🔗 Relevant URLs:

Expected Output:

Woof! 
Drawing Circle

References:

Reported By: Sina Riyahi – Hackers Feeds
Extra Hub: Undercode MoN
Basic Verification: Pass ✅

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