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System design is the backbone of modern applications, ensuring seamless user experiences and business success. The four pillars—Performance, Reliability, Availability, and Scalability—define robust architectures.
1. Performance
Performance measures how quickly a system responds to user requests. Slow systems frustrate users, leading to abandonment.
You Should Know:
- Linux Command for Monitoring Performance:
top # Real-time system monitoring htop # Interactive process viewer vmstat 1 # Virtual memory stats iostat -x 1 # Disk I/O statistics sar -u 1 3 # CPU utilization
- Windows Command:
perfmon # Performance Monitor tasklist /svc # List running processes
- Optimization Techniques:
- Use caching (Redis, Memcached)
- Database indexing (
CREATE INDEX idx_name ON table(column)) - Load balancing (Nginx, HAProxy)
2. Reliability
A reliable system minimizes failures through redundancy and fault tolerance.
You Should Know:
- Linux Commands for Reliability:
systemctl status service_name # Check service status journalctl -xe # View system logs rsync -avz /source /backup # Backup files
- Windows Command:
sc query service_name # Check Windows service Get-EventLog -LogName System -Newest 10 # View logs
- Strategies:
- Implement RAID configurations (
mdadmin Linux) - Use heartbeat checks (
keepalived)
3. Availability
High availability (HA) ensures systems remain accessible.
You Should Know:
- Linux HA Tools:
corosync # Cluster management pacemaker # Resource manager
- Cloud Solutions:
- AWS Auto Scaling
- Kubernetes self-healing pods
4. Scalability
Scalability ensures systems handle growth.
You Should Know:
- Horizontal vs. Vertical Scaling:
- Horizontal: Add more servers (
kubectl scale deployment --replicas=5) - Vertical: Upgrade server resources
- Database Scaling:
- Sharding (
MongoDB sharding) - Read Replicas (
MySQL replication)
What Undercode Say
System design is an evolving discipline. Mastering these pillars ensures resilient, fast, and scalable applications. Key takeaways:
– Monitor aggressively (Prometheus + Grafana)
– Automate recovery (Ansible for auto-remediation)
– Plan for failure (Chaos Engineering with Gremlin)
Expected Output:
A well-architected system that balances speed, uptime, and growth effortlessly.
Relevant URLs:
References:
Reported By: Ashsau Essence – Hackers Feeds
Extra Hub: Undercode MoN
Basic Verification: Pass ✅
